VLOOKUP allows you to find an entry in a list and return a value that
is a given number of columns away from that entry. This can be a text
string or numeric value.

MATCH returns an integer number of the row within a range that matches
the entry in question.

You can next a MATCH function within an INDEX function and perform an
operation very similar to a VLOOKUP, because the INDEX function works
on a grid-type array of data.