From what I can tell, the data in Progress are not related to
Attendance, i.e., save for the student id, the rest is information
calculated otherwise. Now, you would like the Progress table be sorted
so that it matches the attendance.

I suggest that you manage Progress separately, i.e. do not link the
student id to Attendance. Then you can have a third worksheet,
something like ProgressByAttendance, which reproduces the information
in Progress, in which you do the following:

Student ID is linked to Attendance as you have it now. It will be
sorted when Attendance is sorted.
All other information in ProgressByAttendance is taken using VLOOKUP()
from the Progress table:
=VLOOKUP($A2, Progress!$A:$K,Column(), 0)

If in the ProgressByAttendance sheet your headers start from A1 and
data from A2, then the above formula can be copied down and to the
right as far as necessary.

HTH
Kostis Vezerides