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Yes, it is possible to compute the annual rate of return in Excel using the data you have. Here are the steps you can follow:

First, sort your data by date in ascending order. This will make it easier to select the range of data you need.
Next, select the range of data that includes the date and value columns. Make sure to include all the rows up to and including the selected date.
Click on the "Insert" tab in the ribbon at the top of the Excel window, then select "Line" from the "Charts" section. This will create a line chart of your data.
Right-click on the chart and select "Select Data" from the context menu. In the "Select Data Source" dialog box, click on the "Add" button to add a new series.
In the "Edit Series" dialog box, enter a name for the series (e.g. "Returns"), then select the range of cells that contains the returns data. This will be the same number of rows as your original data, but with the first row left blank.
Click "OK" to close the "Edit Series" dialog box, then click "OK" again to close the "Select Data Source" dialog box.
Right-click on the chart and select "Format Data Series" from the context menu. In the "Format Data Series" pane, select "Line" from the "Fill & Line" section, then choose a color and line style for the returns line.
Click "Close" to close the "Format Data Series" pane.
Now you can see the returns line on your chart. To calculate the annual rate of return, you can use the following formula:

Formula:

=(1+Returns)^365-1

This formula assumes that there are 365 days in a year. If you want to use a different number of days, you can adjust the formula accordingly.
To use the formula, select a cell next to the selected date, then enter the formula using the cell reference for the returns data. For example, if the returns data is in column C, you would enter the formula "= (1+C2)^365-1" (assuming the selected date is in cell A2).
The result will be the annual rate of return for the year leading up to the selected date. You can format the cell as a percentage to make it easier to read.

That's it! You now know how to compute the annual rate of return in Excel using the data you have.