The only thing like Matlab in Excel is Matlab itself. That is,
Mathworks sells an Excel add-in that uses Matlab for all the
computations. I think its pretty spendy though.

Really, the closest built-in object with the capabilities that you're
describing is probably a worksheet. Excel has a few built-in matrix
functions, but with nowhere near Matlab's capabilities. You'd have to
code a lot of it yourself.